Assignment China：Tiananmen Square【解析中國之旅：天安門廣場】

Assignment China：Tiananmen Square【解析中國之旅：天安門廣場】This segment in the Assignment: China series focuses on the coverage by American news organizations of the dramatic events in Beijing in 1989. Students marched in cities all over China, but it was the demonstrations in China's symbolic center, Tiananmen Square, that captured the attention and imagination of people worldwide and especially in the United States. When Hu Yaobang died on April 15, students seized on the opportunity to remember him and to criticize his successors. Chinese leaders were divided on how to handle the protests that ensued. What followed was an extraordinary seven weeks where large numbers of Chinese in dozens of cities marched and demonstrated to express their grievances and to call for change. As the political center of China, most of the world's attention was focused on the protests there. The American press corps in China had grown since the first journalists arrived with the establishment of diplomatic relations, but it was still relatively small compared to today. Covering China remained (and remains) complicated and difficult. In December 1986, for example, two television crews were detained and had their videotape confiscated as they attempted to cover student demonstrations. This segment of Assignment:China focuses on the stories of journalists who struggled to understand what was happening in Beijing that spring and to help Americans get a sense of the issues and forces at play. We hear from them about the political, cultural, physical, and technological challenges of covering the demonstrations, how they were being seen by the larger society, and the response of the party-state. The press corps grew as the protests continued, especially as the mid-May Soviet Union-China summit meeting drew near. The upcoming meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev and his Chinese counterparts would be the first meeting between the leaders of the Communist giants in three decades. Gorbachev, of course, had made headlines worldwide with his perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) reforms. Assignment: China - Tiananmen Square shows how Gorbachev's arrival and his departure affected the ability of television networks to broadcast news via satellite directly from the square and how reporters used early mobile phones to report from China. But we also learn how essential less-cutting edge technology, such as bicycles, was as well. For the participants, for the correspondents, and for audiences, an overriding question from April to June 3 was "how will this end?" For many outside China, the ending is most of what is remembered. The documentary shows how journalists sought to make sense of the party-state's restraint and why the April 26 People's Daily labelling the unrest as "a grave political struggle facing the whole Party and the people of all nationalities" nor the declaration of martial law on May 20 did not end the protests. When the armored personnel carriers and tanks did roll and armed soldiers were sent in, several of the journalists interviewed in Assignment: China were there. We hear how they sought to document the extent of the violence and we learn the story behind the "tank man" image that has come to symbolize the demonstrations and their violent end.We learn how journalists knew what they reported, but also how their values, expectations, or sources caused them to overemphasize some things and to miss others. And we hear from U.S. Secretary of State James Baker how the immediacy of the coverage meant that the administration needed to react in real time. Twenty-five years have passed since students and others waved banners calling for greater freedom and official accountability in Tiananmen Square. The patriotism and optimism of the demonstrators and the violence that ended the demonstrations deeply moved people worldwide. Those seven weeks have had a profound influence on what Americans and others think about China. Assignment: China - Tiananmen Square tells how those stories were brought to American audiences.Assignment: China is a signature project of the USC U.S.-China Institute. Most Americans continue to learn about China primarily through the media and we feel that it is vital to understand the process by which news about China is gathered and shared. Mike Chinoy, USCI senior fellow, reports the series which is filmed and edited by Craig Stubing. Clayton Dube conceived of the project and oversees it. Many students and volunteers assist with research, transcription, and translation. Assignment: China is possible only because of the willingness of journalists and others to share their stories, documents, and images with us and through the generous financial support of individual and institutional donors. We are grateful to all those who have helped. Please click here to contact us or here if you would like to contribute.通過廣播和印刷媒體，記者將1989年北京示威遊行及其暴力鎮壓的影像和想法帶入美國，為美國人對中國的看法帶來了巨大的影響。

本集聚焦美國新聞機構對於北京1989事件的報導。當時學生在全中國各地的城市遊行，但正是這次在像徵中國中心的天安門廣場的示威活動，引起了全世界，特別是美國人的關注。

1979年中美恢復正式外交關係後，鄧小平同志對美國進行了一次盛大回訪，兩國關係明顯改善。鄧小平的經濟改革和對外開放政策激勵了中國，贏得了許多人的讚賞。兩個標誌表明了美國人對中國的感興趣程度以及他們對中國未來的樂觀程度：a）

1978年和1985年，“時代周刊”的編輯兩次選擇了鄧小平作為“年度人物”; b）蓋洛普組織關於美國對中國“好感度”調查發現，1989年2月- 3月72％的美國人看好中國，相比1979年的64％有所上升。貿易穩步增長，美國人訪華，越來越多的中國人來到美國，大部分出差或學習。中國的經濟收益和更大的開放程度使許多人，特別是大學生，越來越多地意識到了外部世界，增加了對中國人的生活期望。許多人預計，隨著經濟發展，中國的政治制度將會改變，允許人民獲得更大的自由，並使官員對他們所管理的人更負責任。

一些人參加了抗議活動，其中最引人注目的是1986年至1987年冬季在17個城市發生的抗議活動。鄧小平同志和其他中共領導歸罪於胡耀邦總書記，因其沒有在中國年輕人和知識分子之中有力鬥爭“資產階級自由化”思想。胡耀邦被迫辭職，取而代之的是趙紫陽總理。到了1989年，趙和李鵬總理試圖為中國經濟降溫，並實行緊縮計劃。通貨膨脹率高，更多的人被指控官員腐敗，並有傳言指出，黨國領導人的家屬利用他們的關係通過不正當途徑兌換現金。3月份西藏動亂沸沸揚揚，西藏自治區黨委書記胡錦濤在那裡實行戒嚴。當胡耀邦4月15日去世時，學生抓住機會銘記他，並批評他的繼任者。

中國領導人就如何處理隨後發生的抗議活動發生分歧。緊接著的不平凡的七個星期裡，數十個城市的大批中國人遊行示威，表達不滿，呼籲改變。作為中國的政治中心，世界上大部分的注意力集中在那裡的抗議活動上。從第一批新聞記者在建交之際抵達以來，駐紮中國的美國記者隊已經增長，但與今天相比仍規模較小。報導中國依然（直至今日）複雜和困難。例如，1986年12月，兩名電視工作人員被拘留並被沒收錄像帶，因為他們企圖報導學生示威。這集《解析中國之旅》聚焦於那些努力了解北京春天發生的事情的記者的故事，並幫助美國人了解問題所在和利益相關者。

我們從這些記者那裡了解有關示威遊行的政治，文化，物質和技術上的挑戰，他們如何被整個社會看待，以及中國黨國的回應。隨著抗議活動的繼續，特別是5月中旬的蘇聯 - 中國首腦會議臨近，記者團規模也逐漸擴大。即將舉行的米哈伊爾·戈爾巴喬夫和中國領導人之間的會議將是三十年來共產主義領導人之間的首次會晤。當然，戈爾巴喬夫和其改革和開放政策成為全球的頭條新聞。《解析中國之旅-天安門廣場》展現了戈爾巴喬夫的到來和離開是如何影響電視台直接從天安門廣場通過衛星廣播新聞的能力，以及記者如何使用早期手機從中國進行報導。

但是我們也同時了解到例如自行車這樣不那麼尖端的技術也是如此重要。對於參會人員，記者和觀眾來說，4月到6月3日壓倒一切的問題是“這將如何結束？”對於中國以外的許多人，大部分被記住的是它的結局。這集紀錄片展示了記者如何試圖理解黨和國家的強製手段，以及為什麼4月26日的《人民日報》將這場動亂稱為“全黨和全國人民面臨的一場嚴重的政治鬥爭”，以及5月20日宣布戒嚴都沒能結束這場抗議活動。當裝甲運兵車和坦克滾滾而來，武裝士兵進駐的時候，《解析中國之旅-天安門廣場》中採訪的幾位記者就在現場。

我們聽到他們如何設法記錄暴力的程度的故事，並學了解“坦克人”圖像背後的故事，而這個形象成為示威遊行和它的暴力結局的象徵。我們了解記者如何確定他們所報導的內容，以及他們的價值觀，期望或信息來源如何導致他們過分強調某些事情而錯過其他事情。同時，我們通過美國國務卿詹姆斯·貝克（James Baker）了解報導的即時性對於政府需要實時作出反應的意義。自從學生和其他民眾在天安門廣場揮舞旗幟，呼喚更大的自由和官員問責以來，已經過了二十五年。示威者的愛國主義和樂觀主義以及結束示威活動的暴力事件深深地打動了世界各地的人們。

這七週對美國人和其他人對中國的看法產生了深遠的影響。《解析中國之旅 -天安門廣場》講述了這些故事是如何傳達給美國觀眾的。

Interviewees (affiliations in 1989) / 受訪者（和其1989年所屬機構）James Baker, U.S. Secretary of StateRaymond Burghardt, U.S. EmbassyMike Chinoy, CNNDorinda Elliot, NewsweekJamie FlorCruz, Time MagazineAdi Ignatius, Wall Street JournalTerril Jones, APNicholas Kristof, New York TimesJim Laurie, ABC NewsJames Lilley, U.S. AmbassadorLiu Heung-shing, APMelinda Liu, NewsweekWinston Lord, U.S. AmbassadorAlec Miran, CNNAl Pessin, VOAJohn Pomfret, APDan Rather, CBS NewsRichard Roth, CBS NewsScott Savitt, UPIOrville Schell, writerBernard Shaw, CNNJonathan Schaer, CNNJohn Sheahan, CBS NewsDaniel Southerland, Washington PostCynde Strand, CNNWang Dan, student leaderJeff Widener, APKathy Wilhelm, APLarry Wortzel, U.S. Military AttachéSheryl WuDunn, New York Times