210814 XZWCF 30 1「教會懲戒」

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210815 新莊改革宗福音教會成人主日學：西敏信仰告白30                    高阿丹（西敏信仰告白＝ WCF；西敏大要理問答＝ WLC；西敏小要理問答＝ WSC）參考書：Confessing the Faith by Chad Van Dixhoorn; Creedal Imperative by Carl Trueman; 新譯西敏信條； WCF 30 教會懲戒 30.1 教會不是一人一票的民主制度 ·         主耶穌是教會的王和首，沒有他人——見 WCF 25.6·         聖子有兩個國度：1.     祂按照子的身分（第二位格）所擁有的 natural/essential kingdom 按照祂本性屬於祂的國度——見 WCF  23.1: God, the supreme Lord and King of all the world, hath ordained civil magistrates to be under Him…2.     祂按照祂中保身分所有的 mediatorial/economic kingdom中保國度——主耶穌基督是教會的王和首；林前15:24ff·         主耶穌自己設立教會「政府 government」，這政府有別於「民事政權 civil magistrate」——基督的教會有其基督自己設立的治理制度。

·         基督將這教會政府託付給「教會官員 Church officers」。

·         先賢們沒有指名誰是這些教會官員，或教會官員的頭銜為何，但（不論公理會或長老會）一般理解就是指「長老/監督」——徒20:17；28·         提前3:1；5:17；多1:5；帖前5:12；來13:7, 17 30.2 天國鑰匙 ·         天國鑰匙託付給教會官員；·         教會官員有「權能 power」赦免或不赦免罪；·         有天國鑰匙就有權能；·         透過聖道與懲戒將天國的門向不悔改的人關閉，藉著福音事工和解除懲戒將天國的門想悔改的人敞開；·         問題：什麼是天國鑰匙？

太16:19；太18:17-18；約20:21-23；John Cotton 的《Keyes of the Kingdom of Heaven》：The keys of the kingdom are the Ordinances which Christ hath instituted, to be administred in his Church; as the preaching of the Word, (which is the opening and applying of it) also the administring of the Seals and censures; For by the opening and applying of these, both the gates of the Church here, and of heaven hereafter, are opened or shut to the sons of men. – Keyes, p21天國的鑰匙這是基督所制定、在祂的教會中施行的規範（ordinances），即為聖道之宣揚（其解釋與應用），也是施行聖禮（seals）和懲戒。

因為藉著這些（規範）的使用與應用，今世在地教會之門與來世天堂之門都向人子們敞開或關閉。 ·         問題：天國鑰匙 keys of the kingdom (複數)給教會官員，但是否只給教會官員？

Keyes, p24Take Peter considered not onely as an Apostle, but an Elder also, yea, and a Beleever too, professing his faith, all may well stand together. For there is a different power given to all these, to an Apostle, to an Elder, to a Beleever, and Peter was all these, and received all the power, which was given by Christ to any of these, or to all of these together... So that Austin did not mistake when he said Peter received the keys in the name of the Church. Neverthelesse, wee from this place in Mat. 16. 19. will challenge no further power, either to the Presbytery, or to the Fraternatie of the Church, then is more expressly granted to them in other Scriptures. Now in other Scriptures it appeareth; First, That Christ gave the power of retaining or remitting of sins (that is, the power of binding and loosing, the whole power of the keys) to all the Apostles as well as to Peter Joh. 20. 21. 23. Secondly, It appeareth also that the apostles commended the rule and government of every particular Church to the Elders (the Presbytery) of that Church, Heb. 13. 17. 1 Tim. 5. 17. And therefore Christ gave the power of the Keys to them also. Thirdly, It appeareth farther that Christ gave the power of the keys to the Body likewise of the Church, even to the Fraternatie with the Presbytery. For the Lord Jesus communicateth the power of binding and loosing, to the Apostles, or Elders, together with the whole Church, when they are met in his name, and agree together in the censure of an offender, Mat. 18. 17. 18.·         彼得代表誰領受天國鑰匙？

使徒？長老？信徒？以上都是，就是代表教會整體？或換另一個方式問：什麼是「教會」？是教會政府（長老）？還是教會的長老+信徒？見WCF 23.3。·         不能夠單獨從太16:19回答——彼得代表誰？

Cotton 從其它經文回答：天國鑰匙交給使徒——約20:21-23天國鑰匙交給長老——來13:17；提前5:17；監督、長老、治理的人、領導的人、天國鑰匙交給信徒——太18:17-18；(林前5:3-5；帖後3:6, 14-15)·         Cotton 將鑰匙分為：1.     The key of knowledge 知識/信心之匙；路11:522.     The key of order 秩序之匙——關乎教會該如何按照秩序治理；關乎治理者與受治理者個別的權限                        I.       the key of authority or rule 權柄/治理之匙——長老治理的權柄來自基督，在個別獨立教會處境、會眾同意下，其權柄才成立                      II.       the key of liberty (power or interest) 自由之匙（加5:13）——會眾不僅自由呼召按立長老、同意受教會治理，更有「權柄和特權 power and privilege」參與長老斷定教會「公眾犯罪 public scandals」（林前5）；就如法官和陪審團，會眾有權同意與質疑（question）長老們的斷定。

會眾有權同意長老的斷定，長老必須顧及會眾的意見。就驅逐出教會案子，長老們主導+會眾同意，但是會眾沒有最終裁定權。呼召按立長老之權在自由之匙的範疇內。·         這些權柄都之在個別獨立教會 individual congregation 中才有意義。長老沒有可在其他教會施展的權柄。

30.3教會懲戒之必要；懲戒是恩典 ·         挽回犯罪的弟兄（姊妹）；·         喝止他人犯同樣的罪；·         除去罪發酵酵母免得感染教會；·         維護基督的尊嚴以及福音聖潔之宣告（profession = 宣稱+符合宣稱之行為）；·         防止上帝怒氣落在祂教會身上——上帝是否會對祂的子民發怒？為什麼發怒？·         拒絕施行懲戒的教會就是不施行恩典、溫水煮熟青蛙的教會， 30.4 如何懲戒？ ·         勸戒（先私下再公開）。暫時禁止人領聖餐。驅逐人出教會。

·         由教會官員執行；·         按照罪本身性質以及犯罪者本身犯罪程度執行懲戒。